Home > PJ (current issue) > Onlooker | Search

Return to PJ Online Home Page

The Pharmaceutical Journal
Vol 268 No 7202 p854
15 June 2002

This article
Reprint
Photocopy

   

PDF* 55K

Onlooker

Motor mayhem [more]
Monster maker [more]
Women in physics [more]


Motor mayhem

The BMJ for 11 May makes sombre reading, devoted as it is to the carnage on our roads and the effects upon drivers of vehicles as well as the poor pedal-cyclists and pedestrians who have less protection than the motorists.

The BMJ asks how we can continue to remain so complacent in the face of some 3,000 deaths and 30,000 serious injuries every year. Yet there is little evidence that mos people take serious heed, shrugging their shoulders and commenting that this is the price we pay for civilised amenities and the ability to move about at will and carry on our business and pleasure as if these were an integral part of the life of the universe. Since we cannot imagine a world without our cars, notwithstanding the toll which they bring in the shape of aerial pollution, the desecration of the countryside and the vast demand upon hospital services, we refuse to face the problem, which increases year by year.

And, as the BMJ points out, we have to contend with vast vested interests in world fuel supplies and manufacturers of vehicles and their equipment. Megacorporations run roughshod over lesser organisations and individuals, and insist that everything they do is for the benefit of society.

Apart from business interests, we must recognise that individuals take a dim view of any attempt to moderate their transport behaviour. They think they have a right to go where they like, when they like, how they like and at any speed they choose.

If we could rid ourselves of the illusion that we are better off if we do everything in a hurry with no time to stand and stare, if we could rid ourselves of the notion that time is money and the devil takes the hindmost, the world would be a more enjoyable place.

Excessive speed goes hand in hand with the desire to show off the capability of an automobile. People are regularly being convicted of driving without care and attention, but the penalties exacted can be ludicrouly inadequate.

Perhaps the only really effective penalty is the withdrawal of a licence, but this rarely happens, since the shout goes up that basic human rights are being abused if restrictions are placed on car driving. It is argued that people cannot go about their business or pleasure if they are denied a vehicle. What about those they mow down in their madness?

Many people have little social conscience, but are selfish. To forbid them to drive for a year for the first offence and longer for subsequent ones might persuade them to reflect. To babble of human rights does not apply. Before we can justly claim human rights we must accept human and social obligations, surely? If a gun-owner is convicted of using his weapon to commit an offence, he will lose his licence and will not have it renewed until the authorities are convinced that he has repented. What is so different about that more lethal modern weapon, the motor car?

Back to Top


Monster maker

It is well known that, in 1818, during a spell of bad weather while she was staying in Byron's villa on the shore of Lake Geneva with her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley and others, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley wrote her famous story, 'Frankenstein'. This was the tale of a young student, Victor Frankenstein, who had taken a particular interest in alchemy and chemistry, and by experimenting with the effect of galvanic shocks upon human remains had created a murderous individual who was let loose on the vicinity with dire results.

There has been speculation regarding the origins of some of the characters depicted in the story, and in particular Dr Frankenstein himself. Christopher Goulding of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne has traced much of the source to James Lind (1736-1812), a Scottish physician, who had befriended Percy Bysshe Shelley during his boyhood at Eton, and for whom Shelley had a deep affection. During their stay in Geneva, Percy had regaled his friends with discussions of recent scientific advances, and had told some strange stories to his wife Mary. Some of their salient features have been discussed in New Scientist for 4 May. Lind took great interest in tales of science and adventure, and was fascinated by galvanism, having received encouragement from his tutor William Cullen of Edinburgh.

In the 1770s Lind repeated some of the galvanic experiments of Galvani himself, and observed the jerking of frogs' legs when stimulated by electric shocks. The ideas of Galvani concerning the possibility of restoring life to body parts had evidently impressed Mary Shelley. Some of her descriptions in the book of icy wastes may also have been derived from Lind, who had been on an Iceland expedition with Sir Joseph Banks, although some may also have derived from the winter glacier scenes Mary observed while in Switzerland. So the Frankenstein legend probably came into Mary's mind from that of her husband and, before him, Lind.

Back to Top


Women in physics

An editorial in Science for 17 May discusses some findings of the conference on women in physics held in Paris in March under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. There were over 300 participants, 15 per cent of them men, of 65 nationalities. Discussions were held on subjects such as supposed cognitive differences between men and women (an idea mainly from the United States), benefits of a rigorous secondary school preparation and the impact of marriage on women's careers.

It was revealed that, no matter how many women start to study physics, their number suffers attrition during the passage from undergraduate and graduate studies to permanent physics posts. This was attributed by some to the overlap of early professional years with peak marriage and childbearing years, and need for travel and frequent relocation. Yet family issues were held not to apply to a similar degree in the equally demanding disciplines of biology and chemistry, where women are more numerous than in physics. Countries with strong family support, such as those in Scandinavia, showed no increase in numbers. Yet there appear to be small but cumulative barriers in women's progress in physics, including harassment and discrimination.

In relative numbers, little difference appeared between developed and developing countries. Women from East and South Asia seemed particularly ambitious and unable to accept that any cognitive difference operated. On the contrary, in parts of Europe and North America, women were expected to explain or apologise for their choice of physics as a discipline. In discussions over affirmative action to correct the situation, opinions were sharply divided between delegations of different nationalities. It was, however, affirmed that influences such as patronage and outright discrimination in the employment, funding and promotion of women physicists must be eliminated.

Back to Top


Home | Journals | News | Notice-board | Search | Jobs  Classifieds | Site Map | Contact us

©The Pharmaceutical Journal